Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: CAS:107-95-9 (beta-alanine)
 2,037 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Fourteen amino acids were found to constitute the intracellular amino compound pool of the developing culture of Xanthomonas citri (Hasse) Dowson. These were serine, dl-alanine, beta-alanine, leucine/isoleucine, threonine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, asparagine, glutamine, cystine, histidine, tyrosine, tryptophan, and proline. Of these, beta-alanine, threonine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, asparagine, and tyrosine could be traced as excretory amino acids in the bacterial culture filtrate, being exuded at the cost of and parallel to the depletion of their amounts in bacterial cell extract. Thus, the composition and pool size of intra- and extracellular amino acids varies considerably during the growth of this pathogen. The wall constituents of X. citri, especially alanine, glutamic acid, and aspartic acid, were prominent among the amino compounds detected.
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PMID:The free amino acid pool composition during growth of the culture of Xanthomonas citri (Hasse) Dowson. 12 Jul 48

1. The influx of [3H]gamma-aminobutyric acid ([3H]GABA) into isolated rat superior cervical ganglia has been measured by radioassay, supplemented by autoradiography. Ganglia were incubated in oxygenated Krebs solution at 25 degrees C, containing 10 microM-amino-oxyacetic acid. Under these conditions more than 95% of accumulated tritium was unmetabolized [3H]GABA. 2. Ganglionic radioactivity increased linearly with incubation time, to yield an intracellular fluid/extracellular fluid concentration ratio (Ci/Co) of about 200 after 6 hr in 0.5 microM-external [3H]GABA. 3. Uptake showed saturation with an apparent transport constant (KT) of 6.8 microM and maximum influx velocity (Jmaxi) of 7 mumole 1. cell fluid-1- min-1. 4. The influx rate at Co = 0.5 microM was unaltered by raising intracellular GABA from 0.2 to 1 mM. 5. Influx velocity increased with temperature (5--35 degrees C) in a monotonic manner with an apparent activation energy of 14 kcal mole-1. 6. Concentrative uptake was depressed by reducing external [Na+] with ouabain, by raising [K+]o above 20 mM, or by removing external Cl-. Uptake was not particularly sensitive to Ca2+ or Mg2+ ions. 7. Utake of [3H]GABA (0.5 microM) was inhibited by beta-guanidinopropionic acid (apparent KI, 28 microM), beta-alanine (KI, 55 microM), gamma-amino-beta-hydroxybutyric acid (KI, 220 microM), beta-amino-n-butyric acid (KI, 708 microM), 3-aminopropanesulphonic acid (KI, 832 microM) and taurine (KI greater than 1 mM). Uptake was not depressed by 1 mM-glycine, alpha-alanine, leucine, serine, methionine or alpha-amino-iso-butyric acid. 8. Radioactively labelled methionine, leucine, glycine, serine, beta-alanine and taurine (concentrations less than or equal to 5 microM) were also taken up by ganglia. Of these, only uptake of beta-alanine and taurine were significantly depressed by 1 mM-GABA. 9. Autoradiographs confirmed that [3H]GABA and [3H] beta-alanine were taken up predominantly into extraneuronal sites (presumed to be neuroglial cells). Methionine, leucine, glycine and serine showed preferential accumulation in neurones. Neuronal uptake of leucine was not prevented by inhibiting protein synthesis. 10. Calculations of net fluxes from unidirectional tracer fluxes suggest that the sympathetic glial cells are capable of promoting net uptake of GABA at external concentrations above 1 microM.
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PMID:[3H]gamma-Aminobutyric acid uptake into neuroglial cells of rat superior cervical sympathetic ganglia. 50 28

Cardiac taurine levels are elevated in hypertension and congestive heart failure. A possible mechanism for this increase in taurine is an alteration of its uptake. We sought to identify and characterize a carrier-mediated transport system for taurine in the mammalian myocardium utilizing the fetal mouse heart in organ culture. Hearts from fetuses of 16-19 days gestational age used in these studies had an endogenous taurine content of 14.1+/-0.5 nmol/mg tissue. The uptake of [(3)H]taurine was linear for up to 8 h. Taurine was accumulated against a concentration gradient as demonstrated by a net increase in taurine concentration when hearts were incubated in 0.5 mM taurine. [(3)H]Taurine uptake was saturable, K(m) = 0.44 mM, temperature dependent, and required sodium. The close structural analogues, hypotaurine and beta-alanine, reduced [(3)H]taurine uptake by 87% when present in 100-fold excess. The alpha-amino acids alanine, alpha-aminoisobutyric acid, glycine, leucine, and threonine did not inhibit uptake. Other taurine analogues tested were guanidinotaurine, guanidinopropionic acid, gamma-aminobutyric acid, 2-aminoethane phosphonic acid, aminomethane sulfonic acid, 3-aminopropane sulfonic acid, N-acetyltaurine, and isethionic acid. We conclude that a carrier-mediated transport system for taurine exists in the fetal mouse heart based on the demonstration of (a) temperature dependence, (b) saturability, and (c) structural selectivity of the uptake process. Transport was demonstrated to be mediated by a beta-amino acid uptake system. In addition, taurine uptake was observed to be sodium dependent, energy dependent, and capable of accumulating taurine against a concentration gradient.
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PMID:Characterization of a carrier-mediated transport system for taurine in the fetal mouse heart in vitro. 65 83

The natural medium contained the following ingredients (g/l): glucose 8.0, or black strap molasses (treated with 0.2--0.3 g/l EDTA) 12.0, fodder yeast (50.0% total nitrogen) 2.0, or folder yeast (40.0% total nitrogen) 6.0, or yeast extract 8.0, or tryptone 8.0, and CaCO3 1.0. Treated black strap molasses with EDTA and fodder yeast proved to be effective in the fermentative production of gentamicins. The most suitable chelating agent was EDTA in the form of disodium for the treatment of Komombo molasses in a concentration of 0.2--0.3 g/l, while potassium ferrocyanide and methylene blue had depressing effects on the production of gentamicins. The most effective carbon source, present in Egyptian black strap molasses, was glucose. Addition of glucose to the medium was preferable at the beginning of the fermentation process. Trace elements present in molasses were very essential for the microbial growth and biosynthesis of gentamicins as proved when molasses ash was added to the natural medium. Organic nitrogen sources were more suitable than inorganic nitrogen sources for the production of gentamicins by Micromonospora purpurea. The microorganism utilized the synthetic medium, but the antibiotic yields were less than those produced in the natural medium. The synthetic medium exhibited stimulatory effects of certain amino acids, organic acids, vitamins, and purine and pyrimidine bases on the fermentative production of gentamicins. Therefore, the ingredients increasing yields of gentamicins were mainly phenylalanine, iso-leucine, lysine, methionine, leucine, arginine, glycine, beta-alanine, cystine, tryptophan, malic acid, maleic acid, cobalamin, folic acid, riboflavin, vitamin B1, vitamin B6, biotin, nicotinamide, uracil, adenine, guanine, and adenosine. Trace elements (Co, Mo, Fe, Cu, Zn, and Mn) exhibited their important role on the biosynthesis and production of gentamicins by Micromonospora purpurea.
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PMID:Production of gentamicins by Micromonospora purpurea. 69 47

Using a new apparatus for preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, pantothenate synthetase (D-pantoate: beta-alanine ligase (AMP-forming), [EC 6.3.2.1] was purified about 500-fold from Escherichia coli B. It was found to be homogeneous in analytical disc gel electrophoresis and sedimentation ultracentrifugation (so20, w=4.9). From sedimentation equilibrium ultracentrifugation, a molecular weight of 70,100 was obtained, which is in good agreement with the value obtained by the Sephadex G-150 gel filtration method (69,000); the diffusion constant was calculated to be 5.88X10(-7) cm2/sec. The minimum molecular weight calculated from the amino acid composition of this enzyme protein was 19,700, a value in reasonable accord with molecular weight of the enzyme subunit, 18,000, obtained by gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecylsulfate. The partial specific volume, v, was calculated to be 0.71 cm3/g. The enzyme had an amino-terminal glycyl residue and a Leu-Ala-Ser-OH sequence at the carboxyl end. Electrophoresis of the enzyme with carrier ampholine gave an isoelectric point of pH 4.6.
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PMID:Pantothenate synthetase of Escherichia coli B. I. Physicochemical properties. 78 Mar 51

Swelling of rat liver mitochondria induced by various neutral amino acids indicates that the L isomers of serine, alanine, methionine, valine, threonine, and leucine enter the mitochondrial matrix by a stereospecific process. Chemical modification of mitochondria with diazobenzenesulfonate or p-mercuribenzoate inhibited the rapid uptake of these compounds, as well as that of L-proline and glycine, to various extents. Diazobenzenesulfonate did not inhibit the transport of compounds that enter the mitochondrial matrix by simple diffusion, i.e., thiocyanate, nitrate, formate, bicarbonate, and acetate. Inhibition by p-mercuribenzoate was reversed by treatment with dithiothreitol. Inclusion of various neutral amino acids in the p-mercuribenzoate preincubation mixture substantially prevented inactivation of transport. Glycine, D- or L-serine, L-threonine, L-methionine, L-alanine, and L-valine all individually protected against the inactivation of glycine, L-serine, L-threonine, L-methionine, L-alanine, L-valine, L-proline, and beta-alanine transport, while L-proline, beta-alanine,
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PMID:Mitochondrial neutral amino acid transport: evidence for a carrier mediated mechanism. 91 15

The distribution coefficients of N-acetyl ethyl esters of glycine, diglycine, beta-alanine, alanine, valine, norvaline, leucine and norleucine between water and different organic solvents have been measured at different temperatures. Similar distribution coefficients have been measured for simple amides, urea, formamide, acetamide and N-methyl acetamide. From the distribution measurements, deltaGtr, the free energy of transfer of the solutes from organic solvents to water has been calculated. The temperature dependence of the distribution coefficient values has been utilised to determine the enthalpy of transfer, deltaHtr, and entropy of transfer deltaStr for the above process. From these results similar thermodynamic parameters for the transfer of different nonpolar side chains and peptide groups have been determined and compared with the available data in the literature.
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PMID:Thermodynamic parameters of transfer of N-acetyl ethyl esters of different amino acids from organic solvents to water. 127 82

In the late neonatal period of male Wistar rats (10 days old) concentrations in plasma were higher for 5 of 24 amino acids compared to adult animals (2 months old): beta-alanine, tyrosine, glycine, histidine, and the dipeptide anserine. The plasma concentrations of tryptophan, valine and leucine were lower in young than in adult rats. The renal clearances of amino acids were lower in young rats, both in relation to 1 g b.w. and related to 1 g kidney weight. In the latter case the differences became more distinct because the relative kidney weight was higher in young than in adult animals (1.17 +/- 0.07 vs. 0.82 +/- 0.03 g/100 g b.w.) and significant age differences in renal water content did not exist. The apparently more effective tubular reabsorption capacity in young rats can be explained as follows: Because of the significantly lower GFR in 10-day-old rats compared with adults (0.46 +/- 0.03 vs. 1.10 +/- 0.09 ml/min/1 g kidney), the glomerularly filtered load of amino acids is generally lower in young rats (exceptions: tyrosine, glycine). Therefore, the amino acid transporting carrier systems are able to reabsorb the absolutely lower amounts of amino acids from the ultrafiltrate in immature animals. This hypothesis is supported if one relates the renal amino acid clearance to the clearance of inulin. In this way it is possible to show that there are absolutely no differences between both age groups indicating mature transport systems for endogenous amino acids as early as in 10-day-old rats.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Renal transport of endogenous amino acids. I. Comparison between immature and adult rats. 127 66

Repeated administration of triiodothyronine (T3, 20 micrograms/100 g b.w., once daily for 3 days) or dexamethasone (60 micrograms/100 g b.w., once daily for 3 days) caused significant changes of amino acid plasma concentrations in young (10 days old) and adult rats (2 months old). After treatment with T3, in young animals concentrations of beta-alanine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, ornithine, asparagine, leucine, taurine, serine, alanine, and glutamine were enhanced, whereas those of tyrosine, arginine, and threonine were significantly diminished. In adult rats only slight changes occurred after both T3 and dexamethasone. In the kidney, the reabsorbed fraction of amino acids was enhanced after both T3 and dexamethasone treatment in young rats, whereas in adult rats the two hormones were without influence on tubular reabsorption of amino acids. Taken together, both different plasma concentrations of amino acids and changes in amounts of amino acids reabsorbed in the tubuli, in adult rats the fractional excretion of amino acids was nearly unchanged following hormone treatment (exception: significant increase in taurine clearance). But in young animals the fractional excretion was reduced in 15 of 22 amino acids after dexamethasone and in 12 of 23 amino acids after T3 treatment, indicating stimulatory effects of both hormones on tubular amino acid carrier systems in immature animals.
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PMID:Renal transport of endogenous amino acids. II. Influence of treatment with triiodothyronine or dexamethasone in immature and adult rats. 127 67

We have observed a significantly increased content of fats and decreased content of proteins in the liver of experimental rats fed a diet supplemented with 25% casein proteins in comparison with the application of de-fatted soy flour. Casein proteins have a higher content of methionine in relation to cystine than baked soy flour. But the soy diet in contrast to the casein diet has a high content of free aminoacids which are not present in casein at all: aspartic acid, asparagine, alpha-aminoadipic acid, methionine, norleucine, lysine, phenylalanine, beta-alanine, ethanolamine, histidine, proline, gamma-aminobutyric acid, taurine. Differences in free valine, alanine, arginine, glycine, ornithine and cysteic acid are also significant. The content of free aminoacids in the liver of experimental animals fed a soy diet is high in the content of cystine, cystathionine, ornithine, beta-aminoisobutyric acid, beta-alanine, gamma-aminobutyric acid, leucine. We have also found accumulation of methionine, glycine, alpha-aminobutyric acid, taurine and citrulline in free aminoacids from the liver of animals fed a casein diet. Citrulline and glycine in free aminoacids from the liver of animals fed a soy protein supplement were not recorded. Our investigations have shown that the application of a soy diet enriched with cystine acts protectively on methionine and that methionine is preferentially utilized for protein synthesis. The catabolic pathway of methionine prevails in animals on a casein diet.
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PMID:Influence of casein and soy flour proteins on aminoacid content in the liver of experimental animals. 129 22


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